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Stablecoins Boost Treasury Bill Demand, Reflect Dollar Dominance, Citi Says

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Stablecoins are playing an increasingly important role in both crypto markets and traditional finance, according to a Friday report by Wall Street giant Citigroup.

As stablecoin usage grows, so does their demand for short-term U.S. Treasuries, although substitution from money market funds may limit the net effect, the report said.

Legislation under consideration in Congress could further entrench this trend by requiring reserves to be held in short-dated government debt, the bank noted.

Citi said the U.S. dollar’s dominance in stablecoin issuance reflects its status as the global reserve currency, rather than driving it.

Dollar-backed stablecoins like USDT remain dominant, fueled by their central role in crypto trading and blockchain-based payments, the bank said.

Meanwhile, new players like PayPal (PYPL) and Visa (V) are also experimenting with stablecoin use cases, Citi said.

The potential market is significant, $1.6–$3.7 trillion by 2030, according to Citi, but regulatory constraints such as yield restrictions may cap growth.

Still, stablecoin issuance trends could offer insights into the evolving global monetary order, the report added.

Read more: U.S. Stablecoin Bill Approval Could Trigger a Long-Term Crypto Bull Market: Bitwise

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Crypto Daybook Americas: Tariffs to Dominate Narrative as BTC ETF Volumes Surge

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By Omkar Godbole (All times ET unless indicated otherwise)

The recent TACO tease, implying «Trump Always Chickens Out» on tariffs, likely didn’t go down well with the President, who raised the stakes in the ongoing trade war on Friday, leading to broad-based risk aversion, which persists as of writing.

On Friday, Trump said that on June 4, the U.S. tariffs on imported aluminum and steel would go from 25% to 50%, triggering a broad-based risk-off move across global markets. Bitcoin has since traded in the range of $103,000-$106,000, with little to no excitement in the broader crypto market. Notably, BlackRock’s spot bitcoin ETF (IBIT) registered an outflow of $430 million, ending a prolonged inflows streak.

«Tariff tensions will likely dominate the macro narrative through June, with meaningful policy deadlines only kicking in from 8 July. In the absence of fresh catalysts, BTC could remain rangebound, with the $100k and $110k levels critical to watch given their status as strikes with the highest month-end open interest,» Singapore-based trading firm QCP Capital said.

ETFs are becoming increasingly important to the market. Data shared by FalconX’s David Lawant shows that the cumulative trading volume in the 11 spot BTC ETFs listed in the U.S. is now well over 40% of the spot volume. The data supports the «Bitcoin ETFs are the new marginal buyer» hypothesis, according to Bitwise’s Head of Research — Europe, Andre Dragosch.

Meanwhile, on-chain data tracked by Glassnode showed a drop in momentum buyers alongside a sharp rise in profit takers last week. «This trend often shows near local tops, as traders begin locking in gains instead of building exposure,» Glassnode said.

High-stakes crypto trader James Wynn opened a fresh BTC long trade with 40x leverage and a liquidation price of $104,580, according to blockchain sleuth Lookonchain.

In other news, Japan’s “MicroStrategy” Metaplanet announced an additional purchase of 1,088 BTC, and billionaire entrepreneur Elon Musk announced a new XChat with Bitcoin-like encryption.

Binance’s founder CZ said on X that now might be a good time to develop a dark pool-style perpetual-focused decentralized exchange, noting that real-time order visibility can lead to MEV attacks and malicious liquidations.

In traditional markets, gold looked to break out of its recent consolidation, hinting at the next leg higher as Bank of America and Morgan Stanley forecast continued dollar weakness. Friday’s U.S. nonfarm payrolls release will be closely watched for signs of labor market weakness. Stay Alert!

What to Watch

  • Crypto
    • June 3, 1 p.m.: The Shannon hard fork network upgrade will get activated on the Pocket Network (POKT).
    • June 4, 10 a.m.: U.S. House Financial Services Committee will hold a hearing on “American Innovation and the Future of Digital Assets: From Blueprint to a Functional Framework.” Livestream link.
    • June 6: Sia (SC) is set to activate Phase 1 of its V2 hard fork, the largest upgrade in the project’s history. Phase 2 will get activated on July 6.
    • June 9, 1-5 p.m.: U.S. SEC Crypto Task Force roundtable on «DeFi and the American Spirit»
    • June 10, 10 a.m.: U.S. House Final Services Committee hearing for Markup of Various Measures, including the crypto market structure bill, i.e. the Digital Asset Market Clarity (CLARITY) Act.
  • Macro
    • June 2, 1 p.m.: Federal Reserve Chair Jerome H. Powell will deliver a speech at the Federal Reserve Board’s International Finance Division 75th Anniversary Conference in Washington. Livestream link.
    • June 2, 9:45 a.m.: S&P Global releases (Final) May U.S. Manufacturing PMI data.
      • Manufacturing PMI Est. 52.3 vs. Prev. 50.2
    • June 2, 10 a.m.: The Institute for Supply Management (ISM) releases May Manufacturing PMI.
      • Manufacturing PMI Est. 49.5 vs. Prev. 48.7
    • June 3: South Koreans will vote to choose a new president following the ouster of Yoon Suk Yeol, who was dismissed after briefly declaring martial law in December 2024.
    • June 3, 10 a.m.: The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics releases April U.S. labor market data.
      • Job Openings Est. 7.10M vs. Prev. 7.192M
      • Job Quits Prev. 3.332M
    • June 3, 1 p.m.: Federal Reserve Governor Lisa D. Cook will deliver a speech on economic outlook at the Peter McColough Series on International Economics in New York. Livestream link.
    • June 4, 12:01 a.m.: U.S. tariffs on imported steel and aluminum will increase from 25% to 50%, according to a Friday evening Truth Social post by President Trump.
  • Earnings (Estimates based on FactSet data)
    • None in the near future.

Token Events

  • Governance votes & calls
  • Unlocks
    • June 5: Ethena (ENA) to unlock 0.7% of its circulating supply worth $14.18 million.
    • June 12: Aptos (APT) to unlock 1.79% of its circulating supply worth $57.11 million.
    • June 13: Immutable (IMX) to unlock 1.33% of its circulating supply worth $13.24 million.
    • June 15: Starknet (STRK) to unlock 3.79% of its circulating supply worth $17.11 million.
    • June 15: Sei (SEI) to unlock 1.04% of its circulating supply worth $10.64 million.
  • Token Launches
    • June 3: Bondex (BDXN) to be listed on Binance, Bybit, Coinlist, and others.
    • June 16: Advised deadline to unstake stMATIC as part of Lido on Polygon’s sunsetting process ends.
    • June 26: Coinbase to delist Helium Mobile (MOBILE), Render (RNDR), Ribbon Finance (RBN), & Synapse (SYN).

Conferences

Token Talk

By Shaurya Malwa

  • At 11:26 p.m. on Sunday, billionaire tech entrepreneur Elon Musk tweeted “Kekius Maximus pit level 117, hardcore rank 1,” and meme-coin traders pounced on frog-themed tokens and low-cap KEKIUS memecoins.
  • The Ethereum version surged over 25% in minutes, pushing its market cap to about $33 million. In comparison, a Solana-based KEKIUS zoomed as much as 30%, showing the same “Musk effect” despite far lower liquidity.
  • Musk adopted the “Kekius Maximus” persona on New Year’s Eve 2024 and has repeatedly juiced the token with profile changes and gaming references.
  • The name fuses crypto-native “Pepe the Frog” lore with Gladiator’s Maximus Decimus Meridius.
  • These tokens thrive (and falter) on social media hype; they lack solid fundamentals and can reverse just as quickly.

Derivatives Positioning

  • HBAR, DOT and LTC lead the majors in terms of growth in open interest in perpetual futures in the past 24 hours.
  • Annualized funding rates for majors remains positive or bullish, except for XLM and TON.
  • On the CME, one-month annualized basis in the BTC futures has pulled back to around 6.5% from the recent high of 9.5%. ETH’s basis remains relatively elevated above 8%.
  • On Deribit, BTC and ETH one and two-week options exhibit downside fears. Other expiries show call bias.

Market Movements

  • BTC is unchanged from 4 p.m. ET Friday at $104,642.17 (24hrs: +0.51%)
  • ETH is down 3.78% at $2,480.24 (24hrs: +0.47%)
  • CoinDesk 20 is down 2.28% at 3,028.20 (24hrs: +0.35%)
  • Ether CESR Composite Staking Rate is down 21 bps at 2.97%
  • BTC funding rate is at 0.003% (3.2949% annualized) on Binance

CoinDesk 20 members’ performance

  • DXY is down 0.51% at 98.82
  • Gold is up 2.19% at $3,372.00/oz
  • Silver is up 1.65% at $33.44/oz
  • Nikkei 225 closed -1.3% at 37,470.67
  • Hang Seng closed -0.57% at 23,157.97
  • FTSE is unchanged at 8,768.28
  • Euro Stoxx 50 is down 0.74% at 5,327.14
  • DJIA closed on Friday +0.13% at 42,270.07
  • S&P 500 closed unchanged at 5,911.69
  • Nasdaq closed -0.32% at 19,113.77
  • S&P/TSX Composite Index closed -0.14% at 26,175.10
  • S&P 40 Latin America closed -1.77% at 2,554.48
  • U.S. 10-year Treasury rate is up 3 bps at 4.44%
  • E-mini S&P 500 futures are down 0.63% at 5,879.00
  • E-mini Nasdaq-100 futures are down 0.77% at 21,212.25
  • E-mini Dow Jones Industrial Average Index futures are down 0.56% at 42,056.0

Bitcoin Stats

  • BTC Dominance: 64.62 (0.21%)
  • Ethereum to bitcoin ratio: 0.02375 (-1.17%)
  • Hashrate (seven-day moving average): 931 EH/s
  • Hashprice (spot): $52.3
  • Total Fees: 3.47 BTC / $364,001
  • CME Futures Open Interest: 146,575 BTC
  • BTC priced in gold: 31.8 oz
  • BTC vs gold market cap: 9.02%

Technical Analysis

Gold's daily chart. (TradingView/CoinDesk)

  • Gold is looking to establish a foothold above the upper end of the falling channel.
  • A potential breakout would signal a resumption of the broader uptrend, offering bullish cues to bitcoin.

Crypto Equities

  • Strategy (MSTR): closed on Friday at $369.06 (-0.42%), unchanged in pre-market
  • Coinbase Global (COIN): closed at $246.62 (-0.89%), unchanged in pre-market
  • Galaxy Digital Holdings (GLXY): closed at C$24.92 (-7.87%)
  • MARA Holdings (MARA): closed at $14.12 (-3.35%), unchanged in pre-market
  • Riot Platforms (RIOT): closed at $8.07 (-1.34%), -0.25% at $8.05 in pre-market
  • Core Scientific (CORZ): closed at $10.65 (-0.37%), -1.5% at $10.49
  • CleanSpark (CLSK): closed at $8.63 (-1.71%), -0.35% at $8.60
  • CoinShares Valkyrie Bitcoin Miners ETF (WGMI): closed at $16.47 (-2.54%)
  • Semler Scientific (SMLR): closed at $40 (-0.2%), +1.72% at $40.69
  • Exodus Movement (EXOD): closed at $28.5 (-5.97%), +0.39% at $28.61

ETF Flows

Spot BTC ETFs

  • Daily net flow: $616.1 million
  • Cumulative net flows: $44.35 billion
  • Total BTC holdings ~ 1.20 million

Spot ETH ETFs

  • Daily net flow: $70.2 million
  • Cumulative net flows: $3.06 billion
  • Total ETH holdings ~ 3.66 million

Source: Farside Investors

Overnight Flows

Top 20 digital assets’ prices and volumes

Chart of the Day

The U.S.-listed spot BTC ETF volume as a share of total BTC spot market volume. (FalconX)

  • The chart shows that the cumulative volume in U.S.-listed spot BTC ETFs as a share of the total bitcoin spot market volume has risen to record highs.
  • The data supports the «Bitcoin ETFs are the new marginal buyer» hypothesis.

While You Were Sleeping

In the Ether

Tariffs not working ROSS ULBRICHT'S FINAL PRISON ID CARD JUST SOLD AT AUCTIONETH is an *active* store of value.Ross Ulbricht( @RealRossU ), the founder of the #SilkRoad marketplace, received 300 $BTC($31.4M) to his donation wallet In the short run:  Strategy earns about 1.5x Bitcoin's return.  On average, if Bitcoin moves up 10% $MSTR gains 15.  If Bitcoin loses 10%, you lose 15.

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Bitcoin, Bonds, and the Rising Influence of Japan’s Yield Curve

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Weston Nakamura founder of Across The Spread, a global markets analyst known for his macro insights through an Asia lens, highlights a surprising and increasingly critical macro relationship.

According to Nakamura, Bitcoin BTC appears to be tracking long-end Japanese Government Bond (JGB) yields specifically the 30-year more closely than its traditional correlation with U.S. equities like the Nasdaq 100.

As BTC’s price diverges from risk assets, its movements have begun aligning with surging JGB yields, both reaching record highs in recent months.

Nakamura notes key moments in 2024 such as the launch of U.S.-listed spot BTC ETFs and Trump’s re-election where BTC experienced brief, narrative-driven price bursts, only to eventually revert to a path consistent with long-end JGB yield movements.

He argues this alignment is not simply a second-order effect of U.S. Treasury (UST) yields but a direct consequence of Japan’s unique market dynamics. Reinforcing this view, Nakamura references a recent clip of U.S. Treasury official Scott Bessent, who asserts that UST yields are not being driven by domestic political dysfunction, but by global forces explicitly citing Japan.

This raises the provocative idea that if U.S. policy is being shaped around the 10Y Treasury yield, and that yield is in turn being influenced by Japanese bond markets, then Japan may be indirectly guiding U.S. macro policy.

Nakamura suggests JGBs are now at the center of the global financial system, influencing everything from crypto to equities, FX, and gold. In the meantime, he urges investors regardless of asset class to watch Japan closely, as its long-overlooked bond market could be exerting outsized influence on cross-asset behavior worldwide.

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UNI Battles $6 Support as Tariff Fears and Rate Jitters Rattle Crypto Sentiment

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The cryptocurrency market continues to feel the effects of global economic tensions, with investor sentiment swaying under the weight of rising geopolitical risks and trade uncertainty.

Uniswap’s UNI token saw a sharp intraday swing between $6.045 and $6.385 before stabilizing above $6.11, signaling cautious buyer support, according to CoinDesk Research’s technical analysis data model.

Although UNI briefly rebounded after early losses, analysts warn that macroeconomic headwinds — including tariff escalations and delayed monetary easing — may cap near-term gains even as key technical levels hold for now.

Technical Analysis Highlights

  • UNI experienced significant volatility over 24 hours, with prices peaking at $6.385 before declining sharply to a low of $6.045, representing a 5.33% range.
  • A notable resistance zone formed around $6.30–6.38, with high-volume selling emerging at these levels, particularly during the 23:00 hour.
  • Support was established at the $6.05–6.08 range, where buyers stepped in during early hours of June 2.
  • A declining volume profile and failure to reclaim earlier highs suggest bearish momentum may continue in the short term.
  • In the final hour of the analysis window, UNI showed a recovery pattern, climbing from $6.146 to $6.176 for a 0.48% gain.
  • Strong support held at $6.148–6.152 during a brief sell-off at 07:35, reinforcing that zone as a key short-term floor.
  • Volume analysis shows renewed buying interest during the 08:00 candle, where price surged to $6.176 on above-average volume.
  • UNI is currently hovering near the $6.12–$6.18 resistance band; a clear breakout above this level remains key for confirming any potential bullish reversal.
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