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Ethereum’s Fusaka Upgrade Could Cut Node Costs, Ease Adoption

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Ethereum developers are preparing for the network’s second major upgrade this year, known as Fusaka, set to go live at the end of November or beginning of December, pending final testnet results.

Fusaka — a blend of the names Fulu and Osaka — consists of two simultaneous upgrades to Ethereum’s consensus and execution layers, respectively.

The upgrade is focused on making the Ethereum blockchain more scalable and efficient, and should benefit institutions and users as transaction costs on rollup networks should fall further, while operating nodes should become less cumbersome and expensive for newcomers looking to run nodes.

Fusaka includes 12 major code changes, or Ethereum Improvement Proposals (EIPs), that together aim to boost data capacity, lower costs and streamline validator operations.

One of the most significant additions is EIP-7594, or PeerDAS (Peer Data Availability Sampling), a system that allows Ethereum validators to verify data availability by sampling small pieces of it instead of downloading everything. That change enables the network to handle far more rollup data (“blobs”) per block, paving the way for cheaper Layer 2 transactions and greater throughput without compromising decentralization.

Fusaka could make it easier for newcomers or smaller players to operate on Ethereum, rather than cutting costs for those already running large validator fleets. The upgrade’s efficiency changes mean that entities running only a few validators — or none at all — could find it simpler and less resource-intensive to start or maintain nodes. However, institutions with extensive node operations, like staking pools, won’t see major cost savings.

VanEck, a prominent asset manager, has said Fusaka will be significant for users, arguing that it will lower costs for rollups and make Ethereum more efficient for large players. Because validators won’t have to download every data blob in full (thanks to PeerDAS), bandwidth and storage demands drop, which means institutions running full nodes or node clusters will see lower infrastructure cost.

The firm also says Fusaka reinforces ETH’s role as a store of value and settlement asset, since transaction fee revenue at the base layer may shrink as more activity shifts to rollups, but ETH becomes more central in securing and validating that activity.

The other 11 changes in Fusaka are smaller but still important; things like fine-tuning how transaction fees are calculated, setting clearer limits on block size and adding new tools for developers that make Ethereum apps run faster and work better with standard internet security systems. Collectively, they make Ethereum’s base layer more predictable, flexible and compatible with mainstream cryptography standards.

After Dencun last year and Pectra earlier this year, Fusaka continues Ethereum’s rapid cadence of upgrades designed to make the network more scalable and enterprise-friendly.

Fusaka has already gone through a first test run on October 1, and will see two additional tests on October 14 and 28, before core developers decide to ink in a date for mainnet.

Developers say Fusaka is supposed to set the stage for additional changes in 2026, in the upcoming Glamsterdam upgrade. That hard fork is set to focus on introducing enshrined proposer-builder separation — a change that would make Ethereum’s block production process more secure and transparent.

Read more: Ethereum’s Fusaka Upgrade Passes Holesky Test, Moves Closer To Mainnet

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Trump Tariff Threat on China Sends Bitcoin Tumbling Below $119K

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It’s deja vu all over again for bitcoin bulls as Monday’s rally to an all-time high triggered not FOMO, but instead fast retreat. That retreat sped up in a big way in late-morning U.S. action on Friday after trade war tensions between the U.S. and China ratcheted higher.

U.S. President Donald Trump said in a Truth Social post minutes ago that he’s preparing a «massive increase» in tariffs on Chinese goods in response to China earlier imposing export controls on rare earth metals.

Following the post, bitcoin (BTC) plunged below $119,000 from $122,000. Ether (ETH), solana (SOL) and XRP each joined in the swift decline.

The drop in crypto prices also weighed on stocks tied to the sector. Circle (CRCL) fell over 6%. Robinhood (HOOD), which gets a large portion of its trading activity from crypto, declined 5%.

Coinbase (COIN) also shed 5%, while MicroStrategy (MSTR) slipped about 3%.

The news rippled across traditional markets, too. WTI crude oil dropped nearly 4% below $60, its weakest price since early May. The S&P 500 and Nasdaq were 1.6% and 1.3% lower, respectively.

Gold? It rallied more than 1% to back over $4,000 per ounce as the yellow metal once again showed itself, not bitcoin, to be the risk-off asset of choice for investors.

At the current $118,800, bitcoin is lower by about 2% over the past 24 hours and about 6% since hitting a new record above $126,000 just four days ago.

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Trump-Linked Firm Looks to Bitcoin Programmability to Build BTC Treasury, ETF Platform

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A subsidiary of Dominari Holdings (DOMH), the investment firm with ties to President Donald Trump’s sons, Eric and Donald Jr., is teaming up with Bitcoin programmability project Hemi to progress its digital asset treasury and exchange-traded fund (ETF) plans.

Broker-dealer Dominari Securities and Hemi, which is backed by veteran Bitcoin developer Jeff Garzik, teamed up to develop a digital asset treasury and ETF platform, according to an emailed announcement on Friday.

Dominari Holdings is located in the Trump Tower in New York City and counts Eric and Donald Trump Jr. among its investors. They also sit on its board of advisors. In March, the company took a different twist on the method of adopting bitcoin (BTC) as a treasury asset, by committing $2 billion to buy shares in BlackRock’s iShares Bitcoin Trust (IBIT), the largest spot bitcoin ETF on the market.

The joint venture between Dominari and Hemi will allow institutions to invest in BTC-centric markets via the HEMI token.

As part of the joint venture American Ventures LLC, of which Dominari is a member, made an undisclosed investment in the Hemispheres Foundation, the principal stewards of the Hemi project.

Hemi’s goal is to transform the possibilities for decentralized finance (DeFi) on Bitcoin by unifying it with Ethereum into a single «supernetwork». It raised $15 million in funding to expand its ecosystem in August.

Alongside competitors like Lombard, with liquid staking token LBTC, and BOB, a hybrid chain built atop Bitcoin and Ethereum, Hemi is building infrastructure to make Bitcoin more compatible with DeFi, thus harnessing its $2.4 trillion market cap for the betterment of the wider digital asset industry.

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Hyped Token Launches Fall Flat as TGE Loses Mojo Ahead of Airdrop Season

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Several recent token launches have seen dramatic drawdowns, bringing to token generation event (TGE) meta into question ahead a number of high profile airdrops.

CAMP, the native token of an AI-focused layer 1 blockchain, is now down by 88% since it was introduced last month, while DoubleZero’s 2Z has lost 60% of its value in just eight days.

There were also notable losses for Anoma’s XAN, down by 60% in a week. XPL, arguably one of the most hyped projects of the year, slumped below its TGE price on Friday amid a wave of negative sentiment around alleged founding team token sale, a claim the company’s founder refuted.

The price action is a stark contrast to last year when projects like HYPE debuted at $6.00 and rose by 400% in the subsequent month.

Why are new tokens failing to impress?

There are several catalysts behind the abject performance of newly-launched tokens; one of which is simply over-farming the hype pre-launch, this means that when a token eventually comes out, users are generally happy to get a return on their investment as opposed to doubling down.

Another reason is tokenomics, XPL’s plight has been attributed to $813 million worth of «ecosystem and growth» tokens that were allegedly sold via market makers, causing pressure on the price and outweighing retail investor demand.

Airdrop season doomed to fail?

Over the coming months crypto users are due to receive airdrops from MetaMask, OpenSea and Monad.

These projects are massive in their respective fields; MetaMask is the most commonly used crypto wallet used by millions, while OpenSea transitioned from being the largest non-fungible token (NFT) exchange to becoming an onchain trading platform, and Monad is a hyped layer 1 blockchain that will airdrop its token next week.

But if 2025’s new token performance is to repeat itself, these respective juggernauts might struggle to maintain a healthy level of demand that outweighs supply, especially in the case of a project like OpenSea where users who spent hundreds of thousands of dollars in fees in 2021 are waiting for a slither back before presumably cashing out.

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