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Could ‘Based Rollups’ Solve Ethereum’s Layer-2 Problem?

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The Ethereum community has been in turmoil over the past few weeks, with members raising the alarm that the chain will lose its competitive edge if it doesn’t address some core design issues.

A key focus of the outrage has been layer-2 fragmentation. In recent years, Ethereum has embraced a layer-2 scaling roadmap—a plan that encouraged the development of third-party auxiliary networks called «layer-2 rollups»—to help scale the base Ethereum ecosystem. Offloading activity to these upstart networks has helped bring down fees and improve speeds for end-users, but it has led to a massive, deeply fragmented ecosystem of layer 2s.

While layer-2 networks all post data back down to Ethereum, they often struggle to communicate directly with one another, meaning passing assets and data between them can become expensive and cumbersome. There’s also the risk of centralized sequencers: reliance on company-controlled black boxes to pass transaction data between blockchain layers.

As layer-2 chains continue to proliferate, some Ethereum developers are pushing rollup tech that takes a new approach to security and interoperability: “based rollups.»

Based rollups

Based rollups differ from most existing rollups because they shift execution duties—such as processing transactions—back to Ethereum’s layer-1 rather than handling them on a separate layer-2 network.

When someone transacts on a layer-2 rollup, their transaction is processed through a component called a “sequencer.” The sequencer batches multiple transactions and submits them to Ethereum for settlement. In most rollups today, this sequencer is centralized, meaning a single entity (usually the company that built the rollup) controls the ordering and posting of transactions.

Centralized sequencers are currently a topic of debate in the Ethereum community. While sequencers provide efficiency and generate revenue for rollup operators by strategically ordering transactions, they also introduce a single point of failure. A malfunctioning or malicious sequencer can delay or manipulate transactions, raising concerns about censorship and reliability.

Based rollups avoid this vulnerability by using Ethereum’s built-in sequencing—its massive community of validators—rather than a single centralized sequencer.

The layer-2 roadmap evolution

In 2022, Ethereum co-founder Vitalik Buterin laid out his vision for a rollup-centric roadmap. The plan proposed using layer-2 rollups to side-step the base chain’s high fees and slow transaction speeds.

Different rollups employ different strategies for keeping down costs and boosting speeds, but they are all designed to uphold decentralization and security—meaning (in theory) the networks shouldn’t be centrally run, and the transactions they shepherd to Ethereum are free from tampering.

Rollups like Optimism, Arbitrum, Base, zkSync, and Blast have quickly grown to support larger transaction volumes than Ethereum itself. According to L2Beat, there are currently 140 live layer-2 networks, but the experience of operating between them—passing assets and other data between networks—has become clunky. As Ethereum becomes bigger and layer-2 networks become more integral to its functioning, improving communication between layer-2s—in other words, improving «composability»—has become more important than ever.

Because based rollups share the sequencer from the layer-1 chain (sometimes referred to as the layer-1 «proposer»), they can call on smart contracts on other based rollups within seconds, making it easier to access and exchange data across layer-2s.

“They effectively share a sequencer with each other and also with the layer-1 and that allows the sequencer now to coordinate messages passing between different based rollups, whereas normally message passing happens in an asynchronous fashion,” said Ben Fisch, the CEO of Espresso Systems, in an interview with CoinDesk.

Since based rollups all use Ethereum’s built-in sequencing, they can interact with one another instantly, in blockchain terms—all within the same Ethereum block.1

“You could have, in the span of one Ethereum block, a based rollup withdraw assets, do something in the layer-1, deposit the assets back, do something in the layer-2 and withdraw assets again,” Fisch told CoinDesk.

Some drawbacks

A few projects are looking to use based technology, but only one based rollup, Taiko, is currently live.

While rollups like Taiko present clear benefits, they will need to overcome some technical hurdles before they can be more widely adopted.

One major challenge is proof generation. When a based rollup submits transaction data to Ethereum, it must generate and publish proofs every 12 seconds—matching Ethereum’s block time. Currently, layer-2 rollups use two types of proof systems: zero-knowledge (ZK) proofs, which finalize in minutes, and optimistic proofs, which take up to seven days to suss out potential fraud.

For based rollups to function efficiently, proof generation speeds would need to align with Ethereum’s block time—a significant technical leap. However, Fisch says a breakthrough on this front could be «imminent. «

The other pitfall is Ethereum’s block producers, or «layer-1 proposers.» In based rollups, these proposers take over the role of sequencing transactions. But their primary motivation isn’t necessarily fairness—it’s profit

“Layer-1 proposers are not trusted entities that are working in the interest of the layer-2, they are economically motivated to make as much money as they can,” Fisch said. “So they may confirm some transactions for end users, and then see an MEV opportunity, which causes them to publish something totally different.”

MEV, or maximal extractable value, refers to the practice of reordering transactions to maximize profit, often at the expense of regular users. If proposers manipulate transactions, it could create instability in based rollups. To address this, developers are working on solutions like based pre-confirmations, which aim to add economic incentives for proposers to act in the interest of rollups.

So while based rollups may present a promising way to reduce fragmentation between layer-2s, they’re not a miracle fix. “My personal opinion is that based rollups are one part of the solution, they are not the only solution, and not all layer-2s necessarily should or will be based,” Fisch said.

Read more: ‘Sequencers’ Are Blockchain’s Air Traffic Control. Here’s Why They’re Misunderstood

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Can Bitcoin Benefit From Trump Firing Powell? Turkey’s Lira Crisis May Provide Clues

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The week has begun on an interesting note, with the U.S. dollar crashing to three-year lows alongside losses on Wall Street, yet bitcoin, which usually follows the sentiment on Wall Street, stands tall.

This could just be the beginning.

The shift away from the USD and toward seizure and censorship-resistant assets like BTC and stablecoins could accelerate if President Donald Trump follows through with his reported plans to fire Federal Reserve Chairman Jerome Powell, which have pushed the DXY and U.S. stock markets lower today.

That’s the lesson from Turkey, which has seen its currency, the lira (TRY), collapse over the years mainly due to President Recep Tayyip Erdogan’s repeated interference in the central bank’s operations. The sliding lira has triggered a capital flight into BTC and stablecoins since at least 2020-21.

Trump’s issues with the Fed

Trump has feuded publicly with the Federal Reserve and its chairman, Jerome Powell, for years, criticizing Powell for being too late on rate cuts even during his first term when interest rates were way lower than today.

However, Trump’s criticism has recently reached a fever pitch with reports suggesting he is looking for ways to get rid of Powell, who recently warned of stagflation even as the President reiterated calls for lower borrowing costs while suggesting there is no inflation.

Powell’s patient approach follows a trade war-led spike in survey-based measures of inflation expectations, which could always become self-fulfilling.

Still, on Monday, Trump went further, calling Powell a «major loser» and warning that the economy could slow down unless interest rates are immediately lowered.

Lesson From Turkey

Erdogan began interfering in the central bank’s operations in 2019, and since then, the lira has collapsed sevenfold from 5.3 per dollar to 38 per dollar.

It all started with Turkey’s inflation rate reaching double digits in 2017. It remained elevated in the subsequent year, which prompted the country’s central bank to increase the one-week repo rate from 17.5% to 24% in September 2018.

The move likely didn’t go well with Erodgan, who issued the first decree dismissing Central Bank of Turkey (CBT) governor Murat Cetinkaya in July 2019. From then on until the end of 2021, Erdogan issued multiple decrees dismissing and hiring several CBT officials. Amid all this, inflation remained elevated, and the lira continued to depreciate at an alarming rate.

«We certainly don’t believe in high interest rates. We will pull down inflation and exchange rates with low-rate policy … High rates make the rich richer, the poor poorer. We won’t let that happen,» Erdogan said in 2021.

As of 2025, Turkey faces an inflation rate of nearly 40%, according to data source TradingEconomics.

This episode serves as a cautionary tale for Trump, highlighting that tampering with central bank independence — especially in the face of looming inflation — can erode investor confidence and send the domestic currency into a tailspin.

This does not necessarily mean that the USD will crash exactly like lira but may see significant devaluation.

Perhaps it could prove even more destabilizing for global markets, considering the dollar is a global reserve currency, and the U.S. Treasury market is the bedrock for international finance.

If better sense fails to prevail, U.S. investors may feel incentivized to move away from U.S. assets and into BTC and other alternative investments, just as Turks did.

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Bitcoin Holding Near $87k While Stocks Slump a ‘Strong Sign’ of Maturing BTC Sentiment

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Bitcoin (BTC) is taking a stand even as the broader stock market keeps sliding down to its tariff-related lows on Easter Monday.

The top cryptocurrency is up 2.3% in the last 24 hours and now trading for $86,800 for the first time since April 3—the day after the Trump administration unveiled its new tariff policy. Mainly buoyed by bitcoin, the broader market gauge CoinDesk 20 Index has risen 1.17% in the same period of time, with most tokens relatively unchanged.

Crypto-linked stocks have also remained stable, with Coinbase (COIN) and Strategy (MSTR) down 1.2% and 1.3% respectively, and major bitcoin miners such as MARA Holdings (MARA), Riot Platforms (RIOT), and Core Scientific (CORZ) slumping between 2% and 3%.

The crypto market’s resilience is noteworthy considering that the S&P 500, Nasdaq, and Dow Jones have gone lower by 3.35%, 3.5% and 3.27% respectively, making their way back down to the tariff-related lows of two weeks ago.

Gold, meanwhile, is up 2.9% and is now trading for $3,400, while the DXY (an index that measures the strength of the dollar against a basket of other currencies) reached its lowest level in three years.

“Was today’s tandem rally in bitcoin and gold merely holiday-driven noise, or a meaningful shift towards bitcoin as a safe-haven asset? The latter would mark a material change in how traditional finance views bitcoin,» analysts at crypto trading firm QCP Capital wrote.

«With Europe still on holiday, market confirmation may take a few more sessions. The correlation between bitcoin, gold and equities is one to watch closely.»

Meanwhile, Lawrence McDonald, former head of U.S. Macro Strategy at French investment bank Société Générale, said that it may be time to sell gold in favor of bitcoin.

“Bitcoin has NEVER held up this well with a VIX near 30,” he posted on X, calling bitcoin’s resilience a game-changer. “This is a strong sign of a maturing bitcoin market (good news) and colossal encroaching fiat currency stress, USD.”

BTC vs. SPX (CoinDesk)

The weakness of stocks and the U.S. dollar, put into perspective with bitcoin and gold’s strength, may be due to investors’ concerns about Trump potentially looking to fire Federal Reserve Chair Jerome Powell.

Earlier on Monday, U.S. President Donald Trump continued putting pressure on Powell, whom he called a “major loser” in a Truth Social post, sending an already shaky stock market even lower.

Trump demanded that Powell and his team lower interest rates “NOW,” arguing that there is currently “virtually no inflation” and that costs for many things are declining. Nevertheless, Trump said there’s a threat that the economy will slow down unless the Fed cuts rates.

Powell’s term, which started when he was appointed by Trump himself during his first four years in the Oval Office, is set to end in May 2026, but Trump has been trying to find a legal way to fire Powell beforehand.

The Fed Chair has previously argued that there is no possible way for the U.S. President to remove him under the law.

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Vitalik Buterin Proposes Replacing Ethereum’s EVM With RISC-V

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Ethereum co-founder Vitalik Buterin shared a new proposal over the weekend that would radically overhaul the system that powers its smart contracts.

Buterin’s suggestion, which he posted on Ethereum’s primary developer forum, involves replacing the Ethereum Virtual Machine, the software engine that powers programs on the network, with RISC-V, a popular open-source framework that offers built-in encryption and other benefits. .

The EVM is a key piece of Ethereum’s underlying design and has been seen as one of the main elements that helped the network succeed in a crowded field of other blockchains. Many non-Ethereum networks have used the EVM to build their own chains, as has a growing ecosystem of layer-2 networks built atop Ethereum, including Coinbase’s Base chain.

The EVM has long played an essential role in Ethereum’s development. Other chains that use it can seamlessly connect with apps on Ethereum, and developers on EVM-based networks can transition more smoothly to building applications directly within the Ethereum ecosystem.

Buterin argued that transitioning Ethereum to a RISC-V architecture will “greatly improve the efficiency of the Ethereum execution layer, resolving one of the primary scaling bottlenecks, and can also greatly improve the execution layer’s simplicity.” (The execution layer is the part of the network that reads smart contracts.)

The RISC-V architecture, which has seen limited adoption in other blockchain ecosystems, like Polkadot, could offer «efficiency gains over 100x» for certain kinds of applications, according to Buterin. These improvements could reduce the network’s costs — long seen as a major barrier to adoption.

Among the primary benefits of RISC-V is its native support for certain kinds of encryption. Transitioning to the new architecture could, in Buterin’s view, be a simpler alternative to the community’s current plan, which involves rebuilding the EVM around zero-knowledge cryptography.

Buterin’s proposal is something developers would tackle over the long term, comparable to projects like the Beam Chain, which is looking to revamp Ethereum’s consensus layer.

The RISC-V comes at a time of broader soul-searching for the Ethereum community. Recently, transaction volumes have declined, and Ethereum’s token has lagged behind the broader market.

Earlier this year, the Ethereum Foundation, the primary non-profit that supports the development of the broader Ethereum ecosystem, underwent a leadership transition in an attempt to remedy the impression among community members that the ecosystem lacked a clear roadmap and was losing its lead compared to competitors.

Read more: Top Ethereum Researcher’s Dramatic Proposal Draws Standing-Room-Only Crowd in Bangkok

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