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Bitcoin in Bhutan: Charting Its Own Course of Economic Development

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As nations explore the implications of digital currencies, Bitcoin is becoming part of national strategies. El Salvador made headlines as the first country to adopt Bitcoin as legal tender, while the United States is considering a national Bitcoin reserve. Even China, despite its cautious stance on cryptocurrency, has embraced blockchain technology to support its digital yuan. Amid these changes, Bhutan stands out — not by following global trends, but by charting its own path.

Nestled in the Himalayas between China and India, Bhutan has long defied conventional economic models. Instead of prioritizing Gross Domestic Product (GDP), the country measures success using Gross National Happiness (GNH), focusing on the well-being of its citizens. Under the leadership of King Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck, Bhutan is now integrating blockchain and Bitcoin into its vision for sustainable development. Projects like the creation of a «Mindfulness City» in Gelephu highlight Bhutan’s approach to merging technology, culture, and sustainability.

I have been fortunate to visit Bhutan twice in recent years, and from the moment I first arrived, I felt an unshakable connection to the country. During my visit to Bhutan’s tech park in Thimphu, I engaged in several conversations about the “Mindfulness City” initiative and learned about bitcoin mining in Bhutan. While the country has been discreet about its Bitcoin mining operations, its growing interest in the field is undeniable. Bhutan is not only preserving its rich traditions but also boldly embracing emerging technologies as tools to advance its unique development philosophy.

Bitcoin Mining: A Quiet Revolution in the Himalayas

Druk Holding and Investments (DHI), Bhutan’s investment arm, and Green Digital Limited (GDL) began Bitcoin mining when prices were around $5,000. Today, Bhutan’s Bitcoin reserves exceed $1 billion, making it one of the largest sovereign holders of digital assets, according to Bitwise Europe. As of 2023, these holdings represent approximately 34.48% of the country’s $2.9 billion GDP, according to World Bank data. This reflects Bhutan’s strategic use of cryptocurrency as an economic asset.

Bhutan is expanding its mining infrastructure through a phased development pipeline with Bitdeer Technologies Group. The first phase, with a capacity of 100 megawatts, is already operational. A second phase aims to add 500 megawatts by mid-2025. The project is powered by Bhutan’s abundant hydropower resources, ensuring mining is both sustainable and efficient. The $500 million fund established in May 2023 with Bitdeer underscores Bhutan’s focus on attracting foreign direct investment (FDI) and strengthening its position in the global Bitcoin mining landscape.

The construction of a 100-megawatt crypto-mining data center in Gedu was Bhutan’s first large-scale Bitcoin mining venture. It uses the country’s hydroelectric power to mine bitcoin in an environmentally responsible way. The facility currently houses 30,000 mining machines, which likely produce three to five bitcoins daily, generating daily revenue of $317,400 to $529,000 at today’s prices. This strategic approach allows Bhutan to generate steady income from bitcoin mining while mitigating market volatility. The project also creates local jobs, contributing to the country’s broader economic transformation.

Mindfulness City: A Blueprint for the Future

The «Mindfulness City» in Gelephu is less a traditional city and more a transformative development project aimed at fulfilling Bhutan’s long-term vision. In his National Day speech on December 17, King Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck, highlighted the project’s goal to create opportunities for Bhutanese youth, encouraging them to remain in the country rather than seek opportunities abroad. «Balancing economic growth with the preservation of Bhutan’s natural beauty, culture, and values is crucial,» the King stated.

Covering over 2,500 km², Mindfulness City is designed to integrate sustainable development with modern technologies, including blockchain and artificial intelligence. Gelephu’s location, at the crossroads of South Asia and Southeast Asia, makes it a strategic hub for economic activity. As a Special Administrative Region (SAR), the city aims to attract both domestic and international investment with a business-friendly environment.

The project will focus on seven key sectors: agritech, finance, education, green energy, health, high-tech, and spirituality. By diversifying its economy, Bhutan seeks to combine technological progress with its cultural values. A recent development within this framework is the application by Matrixport, a global crypto financial services company, for a Financial Services Permission License to operate in Mindfulness City. Matrixport is the first company to apply under the city’s new regulatory framework for financial services and virtual assets. This move highlights Bhutan’s interest in building a regulated environment for digital assets and blockchain, reinforcing its strategy to attract global players while maintaining its commitment to sustainable and culturally mindful development.

Happiness as an Economic Paradigm

Bhutan’s focus on happiness challenges traditional economic models. The GNH framework, introduced in the 1970s, measures national success through health, education, community vitality, and environmental stewardship. This holistic approach complements blockchain’s potential to create fairer, more transparent systems.

Blockchain technology can support Bhutan’s GNH goals by enhancing accountability in public projects and ensuring the fair distribution of resources. For example, Bhutan repurposed its “Education City” into a Bitcoin mining hub, illustrating how technology can meet local needs while contributing to global innovation.

Bhutan’s experience demonstrates how small nations can leverage their strengths to lead in emerging technologies. With a population of just 700,000, Bhutan can quickly implement policies and adapt to changes. The country’s use of hydropower for Bitcoin mining sets a global example of environmentally responsible practices in the cryptocurrency industry. This approach reduces mining’s carbon footprint while aligning with Bhutan’s commitment to environmental preservation.

As Bhutan advances its development strategy, the King’s vision offers a clear path forward, blending tradition with modernity. The «Mindfulness City» represents Bhutan’s goal to create a thriving society where technology serves the nation’s people and its unique cultural values.

For the global community, Bhutan’s adoption of blockchain and Bitcoin presents an alternative view of success — one that prioritizes well-being over profit. In a world of rapid technological change, Bhutan shows how technology can promote sustainable growth while preserving cultural identity. This innovative approach proves that even small nations can lead by example, demonstrating how technology can benefit humanity rather than divide it.

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Crypto Daybook Americas: Bitcoin Reasserts Itself as Stocks, Bonds Fall, Gold Hits Record High

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By James Van Straten (All times ET unless indicated otherwise)

«There are decades where nothing happens; and there are weeks where decades happen.» Vladimir Ilyich Lenin

Few quotes better capture the current turbulence in global markets. For decades, the classic portfolio of 60% equities and 40% bonds was considered the cornerstone of balanced investing. This allocation typically offered protection in downturns through bonds, while equities drove returns in times of economic growth.

We saw this play out during crises like 2008 and 2020, when iShares 20+ Year Treasury Bond ETF (TLT) surged amid global uncertainty. Today, that dynamic has been upended. With persistent geopolitical tension ignited by President Donald Trump’s tariffs, stubborn inflation and slowing growth, Treasury yields have climbed and bond prices fallen. TLT is now down some 50% from its 2020 highs.

The equity side of the portfolio isn’t faring much better. U.S. stocks are underperforming, caught in what some are calling a broader «Sell America» trade. Even the dollar, which typically strengthens in risk-off environments, is weakening as capital flows shift toward the yen and euro.

In this new regime, alternative assets are taking center stage. Gold has surged to $3,500 an ounce for the first time, cementing its role as a haven. To underscore its meteoric rise: the precious metal has added about $6 trillion in market cap this year, triple the market cap of bitcoin (BTC) at its all-time high. Gold ETF inflows, measured over a 90-day rolling period, are approaching 9 million ounces, the biggest surge since 2022 and among the largest in the past decade.

Bitcoin, while lagging behind gold, is also reasserting itself. It has reached new highs in dominance within the crypto market and is beginning to diverge from U.S. tech stocks. It’s increasingly behaving like an uncorrelated asset, valuable in a diversified portfolio. This Friday, $6.7 billion in bitcoin options are set to expire, including $330 million in call options at the $100,000 strike price, setting the stage for a potentially volatile final week of April. Stay alert!

What to Watch

  • Crypto:
    • April 22: The Lyora upgrade goes live on the Injective (INJ) mainnet.
    • April 25, 1 p.m.: U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) Crypto Task Force Roundtable on «Key Considerations for Crypto Custody«.
    • April 28: Enjin Relaychain increases active validator slots to 25 from 15, to enhance decentralization.
    • April 29, 1:05 a.m.: BNB Chain (BNB) — BSC mainnet hardfork.
    • April 30, 9:30 a.m.: ProShares expects its XRP ETF, offering exposure through futures and swap agreements, to begin trading on NYSE Arca.
    • April 30, 10:03 a.m.: Gnosis Chain (GNO), an Ethereum sister chain, will activate the Pectra hard fork on its mainnet at slot 21,405,696, epoch 1,337,856.
  • Macro
    • Day 2 of 6: World Bank (WB) and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) spring meetings in Washington.
    • April 22, 8:30 p.m.: Statistics Canada releases March producer price inflation data.
      • PPI MoM Est. 0.3% vs. Prev. 0.4%
      • PPI YoY Prev. 4.9%
    • April 22, 6 p.m.: Fed Governor Adriana D. Kugler will deliver a speech titled «Transmission of Monetary Policy.»
    • April 23, 8 a.m.: Mexico’s National Institute of Statistics and Geography releases retail sales data.
      • Retail Sales MoM Prev. 0.6%
      • Retail Sales YoY Prev. 2.7%
    • April 23, 9:45 a.m.: S&P Global releases (flash) U.S. April purchasing managers’ index (PMI) data.
      • Composite PMI Prev. 53.5
      • Manufacturing PMI Est. 49.4 vs. Prev. 50.2
      • Services PMI Est. 52.8 vs. Prev. 54.4
  • Earnings (Estimates based on FactSet data)
    • April 22: Tesla (TSLA), post-market
    • April 30: Robinhood Markets (HOOD), post-market
    • May 1: Block (XYZ), post-market

Token Events

  • Governance votes & calls
  • Unlocks
    • April 30: Optimism (OP) to unlock 1.89% of its circulating supply worth $21.83 million.
    • May 1: Sui (SUI) to unlock 2.28% of its circulating supply worth $170.93 million.
    • May 1: ZetaChain (ZETA) to unlock 5.67% of its circulating supply worth $10.46 million.
    • May 2: Ethena (ENA) to unlock 0.73% of its circulating supply worth $11.92 million.
    • May 7: Kaspa (KAS) to unlock 0.56% of its circulating supply worth $13 million.
    • May 9: Movement (MOVA) to unlock 2.04% of its circulating supply worth $11.23 million.
  • Token Launches
    • April 22: Hyperlane to airdrop its HYPER tokens.
    • April 22: BNB to be listed on Kraken.
    • April 23: Zora to airdrop its ZORA tokens.
    • April 24: Initia (INIT) to be listed on Binance, CoinW, WEEX, KuCoin, MEXC, and others.

Conferences:

Token Talk

By Shaurya Malwa

  • Pope Francis’ death on Easter Monday triggered significant activity in crypto markets and prediction platforms as traders aimed to capitalize on the news.
  • LUCE, a Solana-based memecoin tied to the Vatican’s Holy Year 2025 mascot, surged 45% in value, reaching $0.013, according to CoinGecko data.
  • Daily trading volume in the token skyrocketed to $60.27 million from $5 million the previous day, despite the price being down 95% from its November peak of 30 cents.
  • Although unaffiliated with the Vatican, LUCE has attracted around 44,800 holders.
  • Meanwhile, a Polymarket bet on who will be the next pope has attracted over $3.5 million in volumes since going live on Dec. 31, with over 18 candidates in the mix.
  • As of Tuesday morning, Pietro Parolin leads odds at 37%, followed by Luis Antonio Tagle at 23% and Matteo Zuppi at 11%.

Derivatives Positioning

  • HBAR, XLM and TRX have seen the most growth in perpetual futures open interest among major tokens in the past 24 hours. However, only TRX has seen a positive cumulative volume delta, implying an influx of new money predominantly on the bullish side.
  • BTC’s open interest in has increased to 695K BTC, the most since March 25. ETH’s open interest held shy of the recent record above 11.9 million ETH.
  • Perpetual funding rates for most major tokens remain marginally positive in a sign of cautiously bullish sentiment.
  • On Deribit, BTC’s short and near-dated calls are now trading at par or a slight premium to puts, another sign of renewed bullishness. ETH puts, however, continue to trade at a premium to calls.
  • Block options flows have been muted on Paradigm, with calendar spreads and April put spreads lifted in BTC and ETH.

Market Movements:

  • BTC is up 1.45% from 4 p.m. ET Monday at $88,539.04 (24hrs: +1.16%)
  • ETH is up 3.43% at $1,628.60 (24hrs: -0.84%)
  • CoinDesk 20 is up 1.49% at 2,544.64 (24hrs: -0.3%)
  • Ether CESR Composite Staking Rate is up 3 bps at 2.98%
  • BTC funding rate is at -0.0058% (-2.1353% annualized) on Binance

CoinDesk 20 members’ performance

  • DXY is up 0.1% at 98.38
  • Gold is up 4.28% at $3,456.97/oz
  • Silver is up 0.5% at $32.57/oz
  • Nikkei 225 closed -0.17% at 34,220.60
  • Hang Seng closed +0.78% at 21,562.32
  • FTSE is up 0.49% at 8,315.81
  • Euro Stoxx 50 is down 0.28% at 4,922.48
  • DJIA closed on Monday -2.48% at 38,170.41
  • S&P 500 closed -2.36% at 5,158.20
  • Nasdaq closed -2.55% at 15,870.90
  • S&P/TSX Composite Index closed -0.76% at 24,008.86
  • S&P 40 Latin America closed unchanged at 2,384.47
  • U.S. 10-year Treasury rate is unchanged at 4.42%
  • E-mini S&P 500 futures are up 0.98% at 5,235.75
  • E-mini Nasdaq-100 futures are up 1.02% at 18,105.00
  • E-mini Dow Jones Industrial Average Index futures are up 0.87% at 38,660.00

Bitcoin Stats:

  • BTC Dominance: 64.39% (-0.09%)
  • Ethereum to bitcoin ratio: 0.01839 (1.88%)
  • Hashrate (seven-day moving average): 840 EH/s
  • Hashprice (spot): $45.0 PH/s
  • Total Fees: 6.56BTC / $572,645
  • CME Futures Open Interest: 139,765 BTC
  • BTC priced in gold: 25.5 oz
  • BTC vs gold market cap: 7.22%

Technical Analysis

Gold's monthly price chart. (TradingView/CoinDesk)

  • If you feel gold’s rally is overstretched or overdone, think again.
  • The ratio between gold’s spot price and its 200-day simple moving average, currently 1.3, is well below highs seen in 2011-2012 when the yellow metal rose to its then-record price of $2,000.
  • The ratio went as high as 5.80 in the 1980.
  • Bitcoin tends to follow gold with a lag of couple of months.

Crypto Equities

  • Strategy (MSTR): closed on Monday at $317.76 +0.18%), up 2.02% at $324.19 in pre-market
  • Coinbase Global (COIN): closed at $175 (-0.02%), up 1% at $176.75
  • Galaxy Digital Holdings (GLXY): closed at C$15.38 (+0.13%)
  • MARA Holdings (MARA): closed at $12.29 (-2.92%), up 2.36% at $12.59
  • Riot Platforms (RIOT): closed at $6.29 (-2.63%), up 2.07% at $6.42
  • Core Scientific (CORZ): closed at $6.39 (-3.62%)
  • CleanSpark (CLSK): closed at $7.47 (-0.53%), up 2.68% at $7.67
  • CoinShares Valkyrie Bitcoin Miners ETF (WGMI): closed at $11.74 (-2.49%)
  • Semler Scientific (SMLR): closed at $29.83 (-8.17%)
  • Exodus Movement (EXOD): closed at $36.59 (+0.03%), unchanged in pre-market

ETF Flows

Spot BTC ETFs:

  • Daily net flow: $381.3 million
  • Cumulative net flows: $35.86 billion
  • Total BTC holdings ~ 1.11 million

Spot ETH ETFs

  • Daily net flow: -$25.4 million
  • Cumulative net flows: $2.24 billion
  • Total ETH holdings ~ 3.30 million

Source: Farside Investors

Overnight Flows

Chart of the Day

Prices for eggs and financial assets, including BTC, since 2024. (Artemis, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics)

  • The chart shows the price of eggs in the U.S. has increased by over 200% since 2024, outperforming BTC’s 100% surge. Gold and the S&P 500 have gained 46% and 21%, respectively, over the same period.
  • In other words, asset price growth has failed to compensate holders for the inflation on Main Street.

While You Were Sleeping

In the Ether

The market no longer knows what to believe.There are now 72 #crypto-themed ETFs waiting on #SEC approvalYou guys coming?No Second Best?For context, about 32k tokens were launched on pumpfun yesterday.

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Bitcoin Closing In on Historic Breakout vs Nasdaq

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Bitcoin (BTC) is on the cusp of breaking out relative to the Nasdaq 100 Composite, with the current BTC/Nasdaq ratio sitting at 4.96. This means it now takes nearly five Nasdaq units to match the value of one bitcoin. The previous record of 5.08 was set in January 2025, when bitcoin hit its all-time high of over $109,000.

Historically, each market cycle has seen the ratio reach new highs—2017, 2021, and now 2025—highlighting bitcoin’s continued outperformance against the Nasdaq.

Across multiple timeframes, bitcoin is increasingly diverging from U.S. tech stocks. Year-to-date, bitcoin is down just 6%, compared to the Nasdaq’s 15% decline. Since Donald Trump’s election victory in November 2024, bitcoin has rallied 30%, while the Nasdaq has fallen 12%.

When measured against the «Magnificent Seven» mega-cap tech stocks, bitcoin remains around 20% below its all-time high from February this year. This indicates that while bitcoin has shown strength, the top tech names are holding up better than the broader Nasdaq Composite.

Strategy (MSTR), a well-known proxy for bitcoin exposure, is also holding up better than the U.S tech stocks. Since joining the QQQ ETF on Dec. 23, MSTR is down 11%, while the ETF itself has dropped over 16%. The divergence has become more pronounced in 2025: MSTR is up 6% year-to-date, compared to QQQ’s 15% decline.

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Bitcoin Runs Into Resistance Cluster Above $88K. What Next?

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This is a daily technical analysis by CoinDesk analyst and Chartered Market Technician Omkar Godbole.

Bitcoin’s (BTC) bullish advance has encountered a resistance zone above $88,000, marked by crucial levels that could make or break the ongoing recovery rally.

The resistance cluster’s first and perhaps most critical level is the 200-day simple moving average (SMA) at $88,356. The SMA is widely regarded as a key indicator of long-term momentum. Early this month, Coinbase institutional analysts called the downside break of the 200-day SMA in March a sign of the onset of a potential crypto winter.

So, a fresh move above the 200-day SMA could be taken to represent a renewed bullish shift in momentum.

Such a move would trigger a dual breakout, as the Ichimoku cloud’s upper end is located close to the 200-day SMA. A move above the Ichimoku cloud is also said to reflect a bullish shift in momentum.

Developed by a Japanese journalist in the 1960s, the Ichimoku cloud is a technical analysis indicator that offers a comprehensive view of market momentum, support, and resistance levels. The indicator comprises five lines: Leading Span A, Leading Span B, Conversion Line or Tenkan-Sen (T), Base Line or Kijun-Sen (K) and a lagging closing price line. The difference between Leading Span A and B forms the Ichimoku Cloud.

The third and final level forming the resistance cluster is the high of $88,804 on March 24, from where the market turned lower and fell back to $75,000.

BTC's daily chart. (TradingView/CoinDesk)

A make-or-break resistance zone?

Behavioural aspects of trading come into play when an asset approaches a resistance zone, especially at key levels like the 200-day SMA and the Ichimoku cloud.

Prospect theory suggests that people are typically risk-averse with respect to gains and risk-seeking with respect to losses, known as the “reflection effect.» So, as traders, people tend to be risk-averse while locking in profits and keep losing trades open.

This tendency is amplified when an asset encounters a significant resistance zone. Traders who entered the bitcoin market around $75K, anticipating a rebound, may feel pressured to take profits as the price approaches this resistance. Such selling could, in turn, slow the price ascent or even trigger a new downturn.

Conversely, if bitcoin successfully breaks through the resistance zone, the fear of missing out could prompt more traders to make bullish bets, further fueling bullish momentum and pushing the price higher.

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