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Avalanche Blockchain’s Largest-Ever Upgrade Goes Live on Testnet

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Avalanche, the eighth-largest blockchain by total value locked (TVL), is moving ahead with a major technical makeover.

The Avalanche9000 upgrade went live in a test network environment (testnet) Monday, bringing the changes one step closer to the main network (mainnet), the Avalanche Foundation said.

Avalanche9000 will be the largest upgrade that Avalanche has seen. It is designed to cut the costs of sending transactions, operating validators and building apps on the network, whose native token {{AVAX}} is the 11th-largest cryptocurrency, with a $16 billion market cap.

The foundation is trying to attract developers to Avalanche and encourage users to create customized blockchains using its technology, known as subnets. Somewhat confusingly, subnets are now officially referred to in the Avalanche community as «L1s,» even though they are roughly analogous to the layer-2, or L2, networks that augment Ethereum and other blockchains. (Avalanche’s «primary network,» the equivalent of a layer-1 in other ecosystems, is considered a subnet.)

The team is hoping to bring Avalanche9000 to mainnet by yearend. Also known as the Etna Upgrade, Avalanche9000 consists of seven proposals, but the two most significant changes are ACP-77 and ACP-125.

Roll your own

The ACP-77 proposal would allow for a new type of validator with which users can launch their own subnets. The new validators will be significantly cheaper to operate, lowering the barrier to entry. The validators will also be permissionless, meaning anyone, from the operator of a decentralized exchange to the developers of another blockchain, can spin one up.

“Before this upgrade, it wasn’t possible for a dYdX or Monad to use Avalanche to launch their own L1. And that was because all the chains were permissioned, and that was the only functionality that was available,” said Luigi D’Onorio Demeo, the chief operation officer of Ava Labs, the main developer firm behind Avalanche, in an interview with CoinDesk. “So after this upgrade, we can have a chain with thousands of validators that wasn’t possible before.”

The ACP-125 proposal would lower the base fee, or minimum cost of running computations, on the primary Avalanche network’s C-chain, the main chain that runs smart contracts, from 25 nAVAX (about $0.00000098) to 1 nAVAX ($0.00000004.) One nAVAX equals one-billionth of one AVAX. (Avalanche also has a P-chain where users can stake AVAX and operate validators and an X-chain which is used for sending and receiving funds.)

“This basically puts C-chain fees equivalent to Arbitrum and Polygon,” D’Onorio Demio said, referring to two of the leading L2s on the Ethereum chain.

Referral grants

In addition to Avalanche9000 going live on testnet, the blockchain’s grants program, Retro9000, opened up Monday for developers to register and start building subnets in the testing environment. The foundation will reward them retroactively when they launch those subnets on mainnet.

“We’d love to see people experiment with different types of infrastructure like staking contracts. We’d love to see people experiment by building their own L1s,” D’Onorio Demio told CoinDesk. “If you’re more in the market for building a chain, this is a great way to start.”

Retro9000 has $40 million in rewards to distribute, with $2 million designated for business development executives, influencer-investors («key opinion leaders«) and the like who refer others to build on Avalanche.

“For the referral component: the idea there is if you’re a KOL or a BD person, and you know people that are potentially viable to build this kind of stuff, they can list you as a referral. And you will be eligible to also receive parts of the $2 million as well in retroactive grants,” D’Onorio Demio said.

Read more: Avalanche Unveils $40M Grant Program Ahead of ‘Avalanche9000’ Upgrade

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Bitcoin Hovers at $85K as Fed’s Waller Suggests ‘Bad News’ Rate Cuts if Tariffs Resume

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Bitcoin (BTC) drifted ever so gently upwards Monday as the broader market adjusts favorably to trade-related news.

The largest cryptocurrency was up 1.6% in the last 24 hours and is now trading just shy of $85,000. Ether (ETH), meanwhile, rose 2.7% in the same period of time to $1,630. The broad-market CoinDesk 20 Index — consisted of the top 20 cryptocurrencies by market capitalization except for stablecoins, memecoins and exchange coins — advanced 1.2%, led by gains in SOL and AVAX.

After a couple of wild weeks, the stock market also edged higher today, the Nasdaq closing with a 0.6% gain and the S&P 500 rising 0.8%. Strategy (MSTR) and MARA Holdings (MARA), led among crypto stocks with roughly 3% gains.

The modest rally came as Federal Reserve Governor Christopher Waller signalling that a return of the original punitive Trump tariffs would trigger the need for sizable «bad news» rate cuts.

«[Tariff] effects on output and employment could be longer-lasting and an important factor in determining the appropriate stance of monetary policy,» said Waller in a speech. «If the slowdown is significant and even threatens a recession, then I would expect to favor cutting the FOMC’s policy rate sooner, and to a greater extent than I had previously thought.»

Further easing concerns was the European Commission, the executive arm of the EU, confirming to hold off on retaliatory tariffs on U.S. goods worth €21 billion until July 14 to «allow space for negotiations.»

Odds that the U.S. and EU will reach a trade agreement to avoid tariffs rose to 65% on blockchain-based prediction market Polymarket after U.S. President Donald Trump reportedly stated that a deal was in the works.

Bitcoin fundamentals recovering

Bitcoin’s relief rally from last week’s tariff turmoil stalled out around the $85,000 resistance level, but the network’s improving fundamentals spur hopes for a breakout, crypto analytics firm SwissBlock Technologies noted.

«Since March, we’ve seen a consistent inflow of new participants,» Swissblock analysts wrote in a Telegram broadcast. «Liquidity is stabilizing, no more erratic swings from early 2025.»

«Once the liquidity gauge holds above the 50 line, short-term price action tends to follow with strength,» Swissblock analysts said. «With network growth aligning, key levels aren’t just being revisited, they’re being accumulated.»

«This is the kind of structural support that underpins sustainable rallies,» they concluded.

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SEC Delays Decisions on In-Kind Redemptions, Ether ETF Staking

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The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) is not yet ready to make a decision on two critical features that issuers of the spot crypto exchange-traded funds (ETFs) are hoping to add to their products.

The regulator delayed a decision on whether it will allow in-kind redemptions for WisdomTree’s Bitcoin Fund (BTCW) and VanEck’s Bitcoin Fund (BITB) and Ethereum Fund (ETHW) on Monday. It also moved its deadline for a decision in regards to a proposal by Grayscale to allow staking its Ethereum Trust (ETHE) and Mini Ethereum Trust (ETH), which the asset manager’s exchange, NYSE Arca had requested in February.

Cboe, the exchange that is associated with five of the other issuers of an ether ETF, including Fidelity, Franklin Templeton, VanEck and Invesco/Galaxy, submitted its amended filing in March for the Fidelity Ethereum Fund (FETH) and the Franklin Ethereum ETF (EZET).

The SEC has not previously allowed staking in spot ether ETFs. But with the appointment of new SEC Chair Paul Atkins, who was confirmed by the Senate last week, things could change quickly.

Several other jurisdictions, including Hong Kong, Canada and Europe, have already green-lighted staking for ETFs, but that doesn’t put much pressure on the SEC, said one expert.

“The SEC will take their time and move as fast or as slow as they want,” said James Seyffart, ETF analyst at Bloomberg Intelligence. “They don’t care what other regulators are doing in my experience, they might learn from them but I don’t think a regulator approving something is going to make the SEC jump through hoops and catch up. They’ll go at their own pace.”

The regulator now has until June 3rd to make a decision on in-kind redemptions on Bitwise’s and WisdomTree’s products and June 1st to decide on Grayscale’s staking proposal.

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Circle’s EURC Stablecoin Surges 43% to Record Supply as Dollar Troubles Fuel Demand

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Circle’s euro-backed stablecoin, EURC, surged to a record supply as mounting U.S. trade tensions and a weakening dollar likely fuel demand for euro-denominated digital assets.

EURC’s supply grew 43% over the past month to 217 million tokens worth $246 million, ranking above Paxos’ Global Dollar (USDG) and below Ripple’s RLUSD by market capitalization, RWA.xyz data shows. Most of the EURC tokens circulate on the Ethereum network, up 35% in a month to 112 million, while Solana saw the fastest, 75% expansion to 70 million tokens. Base, Coinbase’s Ethereum layer-2, also saw a 30% growth to 30 million in EURC supply.

The token also experienced an uptick in on-chain activity, with active addresses rising 66% to 22,000 and the monthly transfer volume surpassing $2.5 billion, up 47% in a month, per RWA.xyz.

EURC is currently the largest euro stablecoin on the market, but it lags far behind its dollar-denominated counterparts. Dollar-pegged stablecoins make up 99% of the rapidly growing stablecoin market, led by Circle’s $58 billion USDC and rival Tether’s $143 billion USDT token.

The accelerating growth of EURC could be a sign of growing demand for diversification to euro-denominated digital assets, particularly as global investors navigate increasing economic uncertainties in the U.S. with the Trump administration wide-scale tariff rollout. The greenback weakened 9% against the euro since the start of the year.

Xapo Bank, a Gibraltar-based Bitcoin-focused financial services firm, reported Monday a 50% increase in euro deposit volumes during the first quarter, outpacing the 20% rise in USDC stablecoin deposits. Meanwhile, deposits in USDT declined by over 13%.

«This rapid increase in volume came amidst mounting concern about the future of U.S. dollar primacy and the threat of a U.S. recession as markets braced for Trump’s planned ‘Liberation Day’ in April,» the firm said in the report.

Stablecoin swap volumes between foreign currency pairs on Ethereum-based decentralized exchanges also soared to multi-year highs last week, dominated by the EUR-U.S. dollar pair, Blockworks data showed.

EURC also has likely benefited from Tether’s withdrawal of its euro-backed stablecoin (EURT) with E.U.-wide MiCA regulations going into effect this year, while a number of exchanges delisted USDT for E.U. users to comply with regulations, including Binance at the end of March.

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